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After six years of development and research, Dusk’s Mainnet rollout begins today! Later today, we will activate Dusk’s Mainnet Onramp contract. On December 29th, early stakes will be on-ramped into the Genesis—the official initial state of our fully operational network—and the Mainnet cluster will be deployed, scheduled to produce its first immutable block on January 7th. Early deposits will be available on January 3rd.

This is the start of a new era that brings traditional finance on-chain, paving the way for trillions of dollars to enter the crypto ecosystem.

With the technology rollout and a clear regulatory framework in place, financial institutions can finally harness the full power of Dusk. This moment signals real progress for our community, for those who believe in decentralized finance, and for anyone seeking immediate access to capital and investment opportunities.

Below is the official Mainnet Launch timeline, beginning today, December 20 2024:

December 20th

Activate the Dusk Mainnet Onramp contract on Ethereum and BSC. The contract will allow users to move ERC20/BEP20 DUSK to Mainnet and secure immediate availability with the launch of Mainnet cluster on the 29th as stakes or deposits.

December 22nd

Official release of all Mainnet technical components and libraries.

December 23rd

Reset and relaunch Devnet with accelerated block times and Nocturne with normal block times.

December 29th (Mainnet Cluster Launch)

Start Mainnet cluster in dry-run mode. Stakes are created in the Mainnet genesis through the Dusk Mainnet Onramp contract. From this point on only deposits can be on-ramped.

January 3rd

Deposits are on-ramped in the Mainnet genesis as Moonlight balances and are fully available. Mainnet cluster is refreshed in dry-run mode. Funds can no longer be on-ramped with the Dusk Mainnet Onramp contract.

January 7th

Mainnet cluster is refreshed in operational mode. The Mainnet Bridge contract is launched for subsequent ERC20/BEP20 DUSK migration.

The Dusk Mainnet marks the beginning of a new financial paradigm—where compliance meets innovation, and blockchain integrates seamlessly with the world of finance. As we turn this vision into reality, we invite you to be a part of this transformative journey. December 29th is just the start.

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We are pleased to share our updated Dusk whitepaper, which outlines our current tech stack. The previous whitepaper was published in March 2021, and since then we have seen major events, both internal and external that have further refined our direction and goals.

Since the previous whitepaper, we have seen regulatory updates like MiCA being finalized and implemented and the DLT Pilot Regime being open and accepting applicants. We have also seen wider industry evolution like the “RWA” narrative and increased institutional interest. We have also seen our own internal developments with our deepening relationship with NPEX and the creation of a public transaction layer to the Dusk network, Moonlight.

The updated whitepaper reflects Dusk’s refinement of vision, given the internal and external developments that have taken place over the last few years.

Read the whitepaper here.

Some highlights and key updates

Opening abstract

Right from the get-go, you can see the clarity in Dusk’s vision and purpose, moving from an abstract that is focused on the inner workings of the tech to one that boldly lays out the goal of bridging “the gap between decentralized platforms and traditional finance markets by providing a privacy-focused, compliance-ready blockchain…Dusk provides a robust, privacy-centric blockchain solution that meets both the performance and regulatory demands of the financial sector”.

The goal is clear. Bridge the gap between blockchain and traditional finance.

Transactions: Moonlight and Phoenix

A huge addition to the Dusk tech stack is Moonlight, allowing for public transactions and seamlessly integrating with Phoenix - our privacy-friendly transaction model - allowing users, exchanges, and institutions to transact both publicly and privately. This gives Dusk two transaction models, and essentially provides the best of both worlds.

We also added the capability of identifying the sender of a Phoenix transaction to the receiver, turning Phoenix from an anonymity protocol into a privacy-preserving protocol that is compliant with current EU regulations.

The addition of Moonlight was prompted by a realization that integration with exchanges and other entities would be simplified by providing a public transaction model, alongside the updated privacy-preserving account model. This approach keeps us compliant and removes any risk of being delisted, and we created an elegant solution that allows both private and public transacting and allows users to switch back and forth at the click of a button.

Environmental impact

A new addition to the whitepaper focuses on Dusk’s environmental impact and commitment to sustainability. With sustainability being an important goal for organizations like the EU, it is important for Dusk to highlight our efficiency.

Dusk achieves eco-friendliness through the efficiency of our consensus, network optimizations - including Kadcast which achieves 25-50% reduction in bandwidth uses compared to popular Gossip protocols, and finally through our cryptography, and integrating functions into the virtual machine.

We are proud that our network manages to be fast and powerful without overconsuming resources. The benefits of reduced environmental impact are also good for those who participate in the network as node runners as the requirements on them are significantly lower than networks that are resource-intensive (like Bitcoin mining farms).

Conclusion

We are pleased to share this refreshed and updated whitepaper that more accurately reflects Dusk’s purpose, tech stack, and direction. Thanks to changes in the wider space, increased regulatory clarity, and our own development and growth in the industry, we are better placed than ever to have a real impact on the financial landscape and drive the mainstream adoption of blockchain technology.

Find the updated whitepaper here.

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Introduction

As we progress toward the launch of Dusk's mainnet, October brought a series of advancements that enhance both the developer experience and network performance. The Dusk engineering teams have been focused on building a robust ecosystem foundation by introducing new tools and optimizations. From the release of the W3sper SDK and the Multisig solution, to substantial performance gains in Piecrust, here’s an in-depth look at October's developments and a preview of what’s to come for the Dusk ecosystem.

W3sper SDK

The release of the W3sper SDK is a major milestone, as it transforms the development landscape for the Dusk ecosystem. W3sper empowers developers by giving them access to robust tools for account management, transaction handling, event subscriptions, and cryptographic proof management.

The W3sper SDK is a groundbreaking toolkit that introduces the concept of Contract Drivers, acting as a seamless bridge between wallets and smart contracts in a way that supersedes standard interfaces. By harnessing the power of WebAssembly, W3sper ensures secure, flexible interactions directly within the user's environment, eliminating the need for installations. It empowers developers to deploy not just smart contracts but also the complete user experience, including custom UIs for transaction generation and contract interaction. The release of W3sper is the foundation of a new standard for application development, where developers can avail of rich expressiveness and a standard way to define the client UX.

The W3sper SDK includes the following core features:

Address & Account Management: To easily generate and manage user profiles and addresses, streamlining user onboarding and identity management.
Balance and Transaction Management: To Check balances, create signed transactions, and manage gas effectively.
Event Subscription: To stay up-to-date with network events and access blockchain data in real-time.
Proof Management: Generate and delegate Zero Knowledge proofs.

Multisig

The Multisig repository offers a robust multi-signature solution for Dusk transfers, designed to enable collaborative fund management with customizable approval thresholds.

The Multisig solution supports flexible, multi-signature transfers by requiring any N out of M designated keys for transaction approval. Using Dusk’s BLS multisig verification, users can create multisig accounts managed by multiple BLS keys, ensuring that a specified subset of account owners must authorize each critical transaction

Using the Multisig, users can:

Create and manage multisig accounts.
Deposit Dusk into a multisig account and transfer it out to Moonlight accounts.
Update multisig accounts by modifying the set of signers or required signature thresholds.

Piecrust

Piecrust has received substantial upgrades aimed at enhancing the performance of commit operations, especially in handling large numbers of contracts. These enhancements include:

Speeding up commit operations' handling of Merkle tree and contracts map storage.
Separating base info file from the index file, thus speeding up access to base info and making it O(1) rather than dependent on the size of the index file.

By reducing access latency for base info and streamlining Merkle tree and contract map handling, Piecrust now offers significant performance gains.

Kadcast

The Kadcast protocol has received multiple improvements aimed at enhancing connectivity, efficiency, and message propagation:

The Peer::to_route_table and Peer::send_to_peers APIs have been introduced to streamline peer connections and facilitate more efficient message routing across nodes.
A max_udp_len configuration with range checks has been added to control message sizes and prevent fragmentation.
Network versioning has been added in handshake messages for compatibility, as well as Ray-ID tracking in MessageInfo to trace message flow. This helps network health monitoring and troubleshooting.
Tracing for broadcasting to eclipsed networks now includes warnings for incomplete message discards, enhancing control over network segments.

Rusk wallet

The Rusk Wallet has received several improvements to streamline smart contract interactions and boost user experience:

The wallet pre-calculates deployment costs, enabling users to see the precise gas cost before executing a deployment. This is calculated by multiplying the minimum gas price by a set byte cost, giving users greater transparency.
Users can now access detailed staking information (such as eligibility, epoch, and rewards) in both interactive and non-interactive modes.
Limits on character length have been introduced for function calls and memo fields, increasing efficiency and preventing errors.
Since for Moonlight transactions proving is unnecessary, the prove_and_propagate function has been split into separate prove and propagate functions.

Rusk

The Rusk repository saw the following addition:

To ensure that all transactions cover basic processing costs, a minimum gas limit (min_gas_limit) parameter has been added. Even if underpaying is already prevented by the VM the introduction of this parameter stops the execution altogether if a submitted transaction is below the set threshold. It's more of an early exit to decrease computational load on nodes and reduce the impact of spam This prevents transactions from using node resources when they will never succeed anyway. With the minimum gas limit, underfunded transactions will be filtered out before processing, instead of being discarded mid-process with an OutOfGas error.

Wallet-core

The Wallet-Core module has been enhanced with a variety of updates, strengthening its flexibility and efficiency:

Support has been added for new transaction types, improving the handling of notes. This includes modules for managing Moonlight transactions and refined calculations for note balances, making the wallet core more adaptable for various transaction types.
A new debug feature has been added to Cargo.toml, allowing developers to troubleshoot in release mode, improving the ease of identifying and fixing issues in a production environment.
The derive_bls_sk function in ffi.rs now supports BLS secret key operations, further enhancing the wallet’s cryptographic capabilities.
Additional error codes have been introduced for deserialization and transaction handling in Phoenix and Moonlight transactions. This provides clearer insights into transaction-related issues and reduces debugging time.

Optimization for Phoenix Transactions

The way in which transparent and obfuscated notes are managed in Phoenix transactions allowed for an increased optimization. By making zero-value transactions transparent (instead of obfuscated), the note tree avoids accumulating non-value-carrying entries. This minimizes unnecessary data, reducing the size and complexity of the tree, and keeps the blockchain leaner over time.

While transparent notes reveal transaction values, sender and receiver keys remain private across all note types, maintaining confidentiality in transactions. Only essential transaction data (e.g., contract calls, memos) remains visible for transparency.

Node

The Dusk Node has been upgraded with several improvements focused on stability, connectivity, and data management:

A refund flow has been added to the Moonlight database, capturing refund information directly from the MoonlightTransactionEvent field. This update ensures that any inflow associated with refunds is properly recorded and available for filtering. This addition enhances data integrity and makes refund-related information more accessible to the node.
The Web Wallet now automatically detects the network URL for improved flexibility. It behaves like the explorer, using its own host when running locally and only utilizing a specified node URL if explicitly provided via VITE_NODE_URL. This change eliminates dependencies on static node URLs.
Synchronization during node startup has been optimized. Previously, the node could start block synchronization before establishing a robust connection to peers, potentially causing connectivity issues during network bootstrap. Nodes now wait for adequate peer connectivity in the Kadcast routing table before syncing, ensuring smoother onboarding for multiple nodes.

Rusk ABI

Significant improvements have been made to the Rusk ABI to support multi-signature and threshold signature schemes, broadening Dusk’s capabilities in handling complex signature requirements.

The verify_bls_multisig function in rusk_abi now accepts multiple public keys and signatures, allowing aggregation and verification of multiple signatures against a single message. This capability is particularly useful for smart contracts needing threshold-based signature validation. For example, this feature enables smart contracts to process fund transfers after receiving a set minimum of valid signatures. This functionality extends Dusk’s support for collaborative and secure fund management solutions, especially in scenarios requiring multi-party authorization.

Nocturne

The Nocturne Testnet has been upgraded for enhanced scalability, allowing it to handle high transaction volumes and extensive smart contract deployments.

These updates have been made to ensure that network performance remains stable and fast, even as the state size grows. These improvements to the mempool and transaction execution in Piecrust have significantly accelerated performance.

Web Wallet

The Web Wallet v0.6.0 has been released, also including the progress done during October:

Two new components have been introduced, improving the usability of the Web Wallet:

Banner component: A flexible, reusable banner that can display messages in three styles (error, warning, and informational), helping users stay informed about important updates or actions needed.
BigInt component: This component improves data handling by supporting large integers, allowing for accurate BigInt input and validation.

Additionally, a Shield/Unshield page has been added to facilitate DUSK transfers between the Phoenix and Moonlight transaction models.

Block Explorer

The Block Explorer has been enhanced to give users more insights for exploring the Dusk network.

Nodes info section: The section for displaying nodes data highlights regions where nodes operate. This map will be moved to a more intuitive position, making it easier for users to understand the geographic distribution of nodes.
Provisioners page: A dedicated page where users can view all Provisioners along with their stakes and contributions, improving transparency. This feature enhances the visibility of node operators and their importance within the network.

Additional interface and usability improvements include:

Responsive Layout: The footer layout is now optimized for smaller screens, ensuring consistent display across devices.
Gas Meter Fixes: The “Gas Used” meter now accurately displays values when the gas limit is zero, ensuring users have precise transaction data.
The “Show More” button is now hidden when an error occurs and no additional data can be displayed.

These Block Explorer updates have been scheduled for the next release, providing more insightful data.

Ecosystem

Audits

The burner contract for the one-way bridge has been audited, ensuring a safe migration from ERC-20 / BEP-20 DUSK to native DUSK. All audits can be found in the Github repository

Docs

Docs are now public, allowing anyone to contribute by opening issues and submitting PRs in the docs-public repository. We encourage the community to contribute to help us maintaining the docs accurate, relevant, and useful.

Open RFPs

There are currently two open RFPs waiting for proposals:

Applications can be submitted via the Thesan application form.

Resources

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You can make a bold spontaneous application (CV & cover letter), even if we are not advertising for the role. We are always open to connect with talented people and discuss opportunities.